Edification Dictums in the Language Consciousness of the Kazakh Ethnos Паремии-назидания в языковом сознании казахского этноса

Introduction. Objective: linguacultural analysis of the edification words, collected in a free associative experiment (FAE) and published in the “Kazakh Associative Dictionary”. 
Materials & Methods. Set of associations of instructive character singled out by the continuous sampling method into a separate fragment of the world paremiological image is a unique representative research material included into the Kazakh Associative Dictionary, in the 23 655 associative reactions of the students of different universities in Shymkent city for112 stimulus words, 272 sayings – edifications recorded in 200 questionnaires. Archetypal layers of the ethnic linguistic consciousness represented in the edifying paremias reflect the Kazakh spiritual and moral values. The content of the FAE and Kazakh Associative Dictionary reflects the indicative feature of the study, i.e. introduction of the gender factor differentiating the men and women associations; it provided for revealing and presentation of the reliable characteristics of the gender determined linguistic consciousness of the informants. The content of the sayings-edification mainly relates to the moral life of the nation, they enshrine the generally accepted ethical norms. 
Results. Gender irrelevant positions: evil and good are equally evaluated differently; respect for elders is clearly manifested. 
Gender marked positions: for men – duty to the homeland, responsibility for the family; desire to work together; for women – the desire to protect family values, to correspond to the accepted world order, androcentrism. 
Conclusions. The linguistic consciousness of the ethnos (in particular, its fragment as an actively demanded paremiological fund) reflects archetypal ideas about the ethnic spiritual and moral worldview values, on which stable elements of the modern Kazakh linguistic culture are formed and actively functioning; being vital for the ethnic integrity.


Introduction
Recently updated scientific researches in the field of ethno culturology, social psychology, ethno social psycholinguistics are necessarily to be treated particularly attentively and with an extreme responsibility in relation to the previously investigated research results (Goroshko, 2001(Goroshko, , 2004Dronjic & Helms-Park, 2012). The logical and promising object of scientific research in recent years are the revival of national traditions (see Kent & Rosanoff, 1910a, b;Mikołajczak-Matyja, 2015), the basic elements of culture, the reassessment of spiritual and mental values in the modern period of the construction of sovereign states, including Kazakhstan (see Abramova, 2019;Arynbayeva & Dmitryuk, 2019;El-Dakhs, 2017;Giles & Maass, 2017;Karimzad & Catedral, 2018;Keblusek, Levesque & de Moissac, 2018 etc.).
«The desire to preserve the identity and uniqueness of the language and culture is determined by the dialectical laws of the development of society and testifies to its vitality. Any ethnic group intuitively or consciously seeks to preserve that core, that linguistic and cultural dominant, which unites its representatives and at the same time separates them from the foreign cultural surrounding» (Dmitryuk, 2013: 104). This idea of differences is highly stressed by Mikołajczak-Matyja (2015), Kheirzadeh and Hajiabed (2016), and El-Dakhs (2017) in functioning the speech of monolinguals and bilinguals and word associations of Arab learners of English as a Foreign Language.
Objective. The object area of our research is the linguistic consciousness of modern Kazakhstani society, in particular, representatives of the titular ethnic group of Kazakhstan; it was reflected in the materials of our mass free associative experiment (hereinafter -FAE), on this material the Kazakh associative dictionary was based (Kazakh Association Dictionary (further - KAD-2014). It was the first scientific research considering the gender factor of association, i.e. male and female answers -associative reactions were fixed separately (Dmitryuk et al., 2014;Sharifian, 2017;Pauwels, 1998). The content of this dictionary turned out to be very promising and knowledge-intensive in the light of modern trends in the development of related humanities (ethnopsycholinguistics, mental linguisticsistics, linguoculturology etc.) to identify the national and cultural specifics of perception and understanding of the surrounding world, ethnically specific behavior stereotypes, basic human values and their hierarchy in the linguistic consciousness both of an individual and an ethnic group. Figurative meaning understanding is of great importance in connection to the free associative experiment (Kalmykova, Kharchenko & Мysаn, 2019, Kharchenko, 2015Dronjic & Helms-Park, 2012). Published papers of the researchers Dmitryuk, Moldaliyeva and Moldanova (2016), Mezentseva and Dmitryuk (2017), Lin, MacLeod and Colin (2018), Abramova (2019), Arynbayeva and Dmitryuk (2019), Balyasnikova and Dmitryuk (2020), Tarasov and Zhuravlev (2020), and others based on the material of this dictionary are actively investigating the issues on linguistic consciousness and the linguistic world image, specifying the linguistic and cultural characteristics of the Kazakh ethnos mentality.
Research Questions. The following problem are discussed in this article: (1) The functioning of the paremiological fund in the linguistic consciousness of the young generation in the Kazakh ethnic group and the degree of its actualization in their speech.
(2) Worldview position and mental «climate» of the young generation, manifested in the associative choice of utterances -edifications that reflect the archetypical ideas about the spiritual and moral values of the ethnic group.
(3) Gender characteristics of the respondents' associative response with instructive paremias. (4) The values of preserving the moral foundations specific to the Kazakh ethnos, enclosed in the paremias of edification, being one of the basic elements ensuring the integrity and vitality of the ethnos. Purpose of the Study. Purpose of the Study is to explore the actualization degree of specific paremies (proverbs) of edifying nature in the linguistic consciousness and in the speech of modern Kazakhstanis as they are considered to be the stable elements of modern Kazakh language culture, based on spiritual and moral worldview values that unite ethnos.

Research Methods
Free associative experiment (FAE). On the basis of the world wide accepted FAE method and the Associative Dictionary (KAD-2014) created on its material, we used the method of continuous sampling for analytical studies of 200 questionnaires filled out by 100 young male and 100 female respondents. In the international practice of associative research, it is believed that such a number of informants are sufficient to obtain certain system data for identifying strategies for associative behavior and structuring language consciousness, for collecting information on the commonality and specificity of gender, age, social, and other features of lexical association.
(2018) the data of mass associative experiments reflect the real state of everyday consciousness of a speaker / bearer of a certain language / culture. The list of verbal stimuli for conducting FAE was provided by a list of 112 words compiled in the Russian Academy of Sciences Linguistics Institute Department of Psycholinguistics and Theory of Communication (Moscow); the list has been widely tested in research practice (Ufimtseva, 2000: 218). The Dictionary continues to follow the main principles of the previous publications concerning the associative dictionaries (Karaulov et al., 2002).

Research Material
As a material for the study, we chose a fragment of the paremiological image of the world, representing words and sayings of an edifying character. While processing the results of the experiment we found a very significant in number word-group of the particularly edifying character in the entire bulk of associative answers, excepting for proverbs and sayings. We included sayings-prohibitions, sayingsinstructions and teachings, sayings-well-wishes, conditionally singled out into a separate group according to the lexical-semantic and grammatical principles: they differ from proverbs, firstly, with the vividly figurative moral content and educational goal setting and, secondly, grammatically they are expressed in the form of an infinitive (for example, Адам болу; Аман болу; ('Be human'; 'Be healthy') or imperative (Досты тастап кетпе -'Do not leave your friend'; Әлсіздерді қинама -'Do not offend a weak person'; Жамандық жасама -'Do no harm to anyone'), or in the form of affirmation or denial, often with a modal meaning of the desirability or undesirability of an action (Әдемі өмір сүру керек -'You have to live beautifully'; Ақшаға көп қызықпау керек -'No need to be too interested in money'; Әдемі өмір сүру керек -'Take care of the family' etc.). We extracted all lengthy answers from the entire body of the associative reactions to a given list of stimuli, (fragments of texts, stable clichéd expressions, proverbs, sayings, etc.) and systematized the material conditionally into three thematic groups: (a) proverbs and sayings of the Kazakh language (143 proverbs in 399 answers); (b) sayings-edifications and well-wishes (102 sayings in 272 answers); (c) phraseologically stable expressions of the Kazakh language (165 phraseological units in 736 answers). Totally, 1407 associative answers were extracted from the selected fragment as the research material of the study.

Gender aspect in the content of sayings-edifications in the experimental materials
Almost all sayings -edifications, regardless of the number of words that compose them, are used in an indefinite form -in the infinitive (болу meaning 'to be' and the like) or in the imperative verb form -in the imperative (бол meaning 'be' and so on). This infinitive and imperative grammatical assignment of the form in sayings-edifications determines their content in general: such statements represent instructions, wishes, advice, or, on the contrary, prohibitions of a moral and ethical character; and, like proverbs and sayings, they reflect the quintessence of folk wisdom (Dmiryuk, Baigutova & Mezentseva, 2015).
Due to the limited publication volume and the inappropriate placement of multi-page tables, we shall outline only the main approaches to the analysis of the obtained material and dwell on the gender features of the functioning of Kazakh sayings-edifications in the speech practice (and therefore in the linguistic consciousness) of male and female -representatives of the titular ethnic group of Kazakhstan.
We selected the Kaydar (2003) traditional classification of clichéd elements according to their quantitative composition to structure the sayings of edification. So, 101 sayings of the edifying character were recorded in the associative experiment (42 two-word, 44 three-word and 15 verbose) from 272 respondents (from 133 men and 139 womenmore than 200, as some respondents used two-three associations for their answers).
Judging by the summarized data, Kazakh men and women use the paremias of edification noted in the FAE materials approximately equally in their speech; it does not meet the idea of the masculine preferred laconicism and the tendency of women to more «spacious» forms of expression that are intuitively present in the consciousness of the ethnic group.
Let us have a look at the content of paremias recorded in the associative fields of various stimuli, preferably used by men and women. It should be noted that during FAE, men more often respond to stimulus words бала (boy, child), бірге (together), жамандық (evil), жаман (bad, bad man), Отан (homeland), ОТБАСЫ (family) * .
Men and women equally manifested their attitude towards good and evil, although it is interesting to note the grammatical form of edification that they preferred: men often express this with a prohibitive, negative construction (Жамандық жасама, Жаман іске барма -'do no evil'), and women -use affirmative construction (Жақсылық қайтады, Жақсылық жасау -'do good things').

Sayings-Edifications Used by Men
Considering the content of the sayings-teachings most frequently used by men (see Table 1), we can see that the core moral concepts for a Kazakh man are ideas about their duty to the Motherland, which must be defended (8), before the family, which must be protected and loved (7), and certain attitudes toward a communality, the success of joint efforts as a manifestation of a certain life position (Бәріміз бірге -'all together, the whole world' -11), as well as the rejection of evil, prohibition on evil actions and deeds (15 answers). The body of associative answers-sayings of an edifying nature that we have collected allows us to state the following.
Young men, participants in the experiment reveal patriotic, high civic feelings, love for the motherland naturally and genuinely sincerely, without falsehood and carnival rethinking of the popular sayings on this topic. A very high and painful sensitivity threshold should be noted with the young Kazakhs, they reveal it when discussing the topical issues of the State structure, its sovereignty, language policy, and manifestation of a civic position on the crisis in the Ukraine, their relation to the Great Patriotic War. The young people are unambiguously patriotic and steady in the belief what the worth of our Victory was. Therefore A rather large number of answers are noted in the form of a negative imperative. They warn: Досты тастап кетпе ('Do not leave a friend'); Әлсіздерді қинама ('Do not scoff at the weak people'); Жамандық жасама ('Do not do bad things'); Сараң болмаңдар ('Don't be greedy'); Басқаның ісіне араласпа ('Do not interfere into the other people's affairs'); Жаман іске барма ('Do not get involved into a bad affair') etc.

Sayings-Edifications Used by Women
Young Kazakh women, of course, are also quite well aware of the basic life values, foundations and traditions, and the Kazakh feminine patterns of behavior, which are stipulated by the fairly stable moral and ethical norms and laws adopted in the modern environment. The questionnaires of women participating in our experiment, are often marked with the associative answers of a warning type related to the arrangement of the generally accepted world order: Әлсіз болма ('Don't be weak'); Біреуді алдама ('Do not deceive anyone'); Жаман адам болма ('Do not be a bad person'); Нанды баспа ('Do not step on bread'); Отқа жолама ('Do not approach the fire') etc.
According to Table 2, such the stimulus words as ӘЛСІЗ (weak), ЕРКЕК (male), ЖАҚСЫЛЫҚ (kindly), ЖAMAН (bad, bad man), OРMAН (forest), ӨТІРІК (deception), and СОҒЫС (war) turned out to be more 'in demand' for associative response among women (48 out of 70 respondents). The edict-editions reflected in Table 2, used mostly in the speech of female Kazakhs, primarily express respect for the man, it is also an effective educational factor for young children (Әлсіз болма -'Do not be weak', Еркек болу керек -'You need to be a man'); and just as men, the women expressed their negative attitude towards the war, it was noted in the associative field of the СОҒЫС stimulus (Соғыс болмасын -'No war!'). We can mention a tendency in the informants' answers: if men tend to 'live well', women are more inclined to a fair world order, they tend to 'live with dignity: Арыңның алдында жақсылық жасау ('Do a good deed in your morality'); Денсаулықтың қадірін білу керек ('Health must be valued'); Адами қасиетті жоғалтпау ('Do not lose human characteristics'); Әділдік бәріне жарасады ('Justice makes everyone better'). We can also note a certain presence of the concept of androcentrism, when the male point of view prevails and male normative representations and life models are presented as uniform universal and social norms.
A particularly respectful attitude towards the seniors, parents, and women is an unconditional value in the Kazakh cultural traditions, and it can be traced in the associative answers of men and women equally: Ананы құрметте ('Respect Mother'); Жүзінен күлкі кетпесін ('Let the smile always be on the face'); Әйелді сақтау керек ('The woman must be protected'); Қыз балаға қол көтерме ('Never beat a girl'); Қыз бала ұятты болуы керек ('The girl should be bashful'); Көшеде сүйісу ('Kissing on the street is a shame') etc.

Discussions
At the same time, we noted that in the associative field there are incentives of instructive sayings which are equally used by both men and women: Table 3 presents the examples of the associative answers in the form of sayings-edifications actualized in the materials of our FAE. They testify to the simplest and most common universal rules and laws, tips and prohibitions with which one should live in any society, which are equally important for men and women, without differentiating between genders, age, ethnic differences, as these are the basic elements of the universal values on which any human community is to exist, to be saved, to be preserved, and function.
And still another specific feature of the Kazakh national cultural tradition, fixed in speech practice by the life principles of the archetypical consciousness of the nomadic people, -this is the deeprooted tradition of incredible hospitality, which is lacking in the modern Kazakhstani civilized society (often in the north-western regions), but in the southern regions of Kazakhstan this tradition is still a characteristics of this and is generally accepted. In the materials of our experiment, this characteristics is reflected quite clearly in the answers of both men and women which are presented in proverbs and edification words in the associative field of the ҚОНAҚ (GUEST) stimulus: Қонақ келсеқұт болады 4 * ('With the arrival of the guest well-being comes'), Қонақты күліп қарсы ал 3 ('Meet the guest with a smile'), Қонақәкеңнен ұлы 2 ('A guest is more honorable than one's father'), Қонақ келсе алдына барыңды қой 2 ('If the guest has arrived, set the table'), Қонақ келсе қой егіз табады 1 ('With the arrival of the guests, a sheep gives birth to the two lambs instead of one'), Қонақты қазақ халқы Құдайдай сыйлайды 1 ('Kazakh respect their guests as they * The digits indicate the number of respondents responding with this association. respect God') and others (here, the numbers after the proverb mean how many times it is met in the profiles of informants). In the southern regions, until now, the Kazakhs when they are meeting guests, set the table abundantly; an improperly set, half-empty table is considered a shame, insufficient attention to guests is disrespectful; the arrival of guests without warning and in any quantity is the norm. Among the guests relatives on the part of the husband and wife, the owners of the house are most often numerous and this feature of corporate kinship among the Kazakhs is rooted in the traditions of mutual assistance and support of each other by the people of the same clan and tribe.
These specific, mentally and ethnically marked features of linguistic consciousness, characteristic of the titular ethnic group of Kazakhstan, are, in our opinion, a kind of reflection of the nomadic people archetypical way of life, they represent the unique features of unshakable moral and ethical values developed by centuries, on the basis of which the modern society is summoned to exist and function.

Conclusions
So, summing up the description of a fragment of the world paremiological picture, consisting of edifying words and sayings, extracted from the materials of the FAE, it should be noted that the data obtained and described by us are quite convincing and representative; undoubtedly, they reflect the archetypes of the linguistic consciousness of the Kazakh ethnos, which (the archetypes) at the same time, are indicative of the stable elements of the modern Kazakh linguistic culture that actively function in the linguistic consciousness and speech practice of the Kazakhstan modern titular ethnic group.
The study of the content and the transformation of ethnic mental basic values which are structured in the ethnic language consciousness core in a certain hierarchical sequence as the most significant, is of great interest, especially in our epoch when a trend of substitution of traditional national values by various types of universal and other benefits of civilization is manifested.
The associative direction can become very promising in Kazakhstan's psycholinguistics, which will be associated, firstly, with the identification of the area of coincidence of associative reactionsthe determination of ethnic constants, a certain unchanging rod in the collective consciousness of an ethnic group over a certain period of time; secondly, with the fixation of a certain area of change -the transformation and reformation of the linguistic consciousness of the titular ethnic group of Kazakhstan in the post-Soviet, post-reform and modern periods, which, of course, is not only of linguistic interest, but is also associated with the study of a wide range of social, ethno cultural and political issues of our time.