Semantic Structure of Concept « Macht » in German Cultural Studies : Psycholinguistic Aspect

The article reveals some peculiarities of semantic structure of concept «MACHT» functioning in German cultural studies. The analyses of lexicographic objectification of the name of the concept «MACHT» has been done, which points to some peculiarities chain in conceptual way of thinking of the studied mental unit in German cultural studies. The given facts let us suggest, that the model of composites forming with derivative element – macht are productive for German lingual environment and point to their semantic actuality and high recurrence of the given mental unit in conceptual world picture. Lexical and semantic connections of concept verbalizator «MACHT» of the lexem «Macht», which were analyzed in the proposed article point to the polisemantic structure of the actual word. Collocational analyses has shown, that semantic Semantic Structure of Concept «Macht» in German Cultural Studies . . . 293 © Olesia Skl iarenko peculiarities of function of concept «MACHT» are actually in the word, which is its name – «Macht» and are mostly used in connection with attributes and predicates. The collocation quantity with the lexemes proves that there are some actual language collocations, where the analyzed lexeme is used in communicative area. It was established, that among the main verbalizators of the concept «MACHT» phraseological units are rather wide spread. These phraseological units objectivize all maim concept slots, such as «Action», «Object of Power» and «Subject of Power». Besides we have come to conclusion that research of individual word meaning taking into consideration some association words gives the possibility not only to establish the fact of word meaning change but also to analyze the change of individual world picture of German speaking society and give some predictions about negative changes on German political stage. As a conclusion we may say, that the proposed study establishes, that through semantic, paradigmatic, syntagmatic and phraseological collocations of the concept lexeme «Macht» the whole chain of cognitive characteristics of the mental unit may be actualized. They point to the fact, that these mental units are relevant in German world picture and in the same way of the complete German nation.

peculiarities of function of concept «MACHT» are actually in the word, which is its name -«Macht» and are mostly used in connection with attributes and predicates.The collocation quantity with the lexemes proves that there are some actual language collocations, where the analyzed lexeme is used in communicative area.It was established, that among the main verbalizators of the concept «MACHT» phraseological units are rather wide spread.These phraseological units objectivize all maim concept slots, such as «Action», «Object of Power» and «Subject of Power».Besides we have come to conclusion that research of individual word meaning taking into consideration some association words gives the possibility not only to establish the fact of word meaning change but also to analyze the change of individual world picture of German speaking society and give some predictions about negative changes on German political stage.
As a conclusion we may say, that the proposed study establishes, that through semantic, paradigmatic, syntagmatic and phraseological collocations of the concept lexeme «Macht» the whole chain of cognitive characteristics of the mental unit may be actualized.They point to the fact, that these mental units are relevant in German world picture and in the same way of the complete German nation.

Inroduction
The dominating cognitive and discursive paradigm considers language as an important mechanism in reproducing objects of the reality as a part of the man's conceptual system that both produces and uses it.Political power as an important versatile form of relationships is fi xed in semiotic sign systems.Consequently, it is fi xed by language means of expression and stored as a mental concept in the native speakers' consciousness.
Thus, it is quite relevant to study a semantic structure of the concept «MACHT» in German-speaking linguo-culture, based on the psycho-linguistic aspect, because power relations as one of the key forms of social interactions in society are the focus of humanities and social sciences and are specifi cally fi xed in native speakers' cognitive memory.However, semantic peculiarities of this linguo-cultural concept, as we know, have not been studied psycho-linguistically yet.
Power relationships as a subject of study are not new to science.Philosophical, political, sociological, psychological as well as linguistic studies of power resulted in an independent research area -cratology (Halipov, 1999).Power as the subject of linguistic studies is mainly considered in its two aspects: as the language of power (Petrenko, 2007) as well as a mental unit that accumulates the knowledge of some forms of social interactions defi ned as «power relationships».However, semantic peculiarities of the concept «MACHT» in German linguo-culture and its psycho-linguistic aspect has not been an object of research.Thus, the purpose of the studies is to fi nd out psycho-linguistic peculiarities of semantics of the concept «MACHT» in German-speaking linguo-cultural world picture.The objective is to study semantic peculiarities of power relationships conceptualization in German.

Methods and methodology of the research
To achieve the purpose of the article we use the dictionary defi nitions interpretation method for determining a semantic structure of the concept «MACHT», the direct components analysis method and the component analysis method for defi ning a semantic prototype of the concept «MACHT».To fi nd out psycholinguistic peculiarities of the concept «MACHT» in German linguo-culture we use the subjective defi nitions method which allows defi ning new components of the meaning that can affect a person's individual world as a representative of the whole linguo-culture.

Results and Discussion
The language unit «Macht» acts as a stylistically and emotionally neutral name of the concept «MACHT» in the German language world picture.We consider the lexeme «Macht» to be the basic name of the analyzed concept in the German language world picture.It absolutely meets the requirements for the keyword of the same concept as the most highly used, semantically relevant, stylistically neutral verbal unit (Popova, 2007: 177-178).Lexical and semantic, paradigmatic and syntagmatic aspects of the keyword representing the concept «MACHT» allow us to fi nd the ways power relationships are conceptualized in the conceptual sphere of the German people.
The lexeme «Macht» as a lexical and semantic verbalizer of the concept «MACHT» has a polysemantic structure where different dictionaries list 2 to 5 lexical meanings.The 10-volume Duden dictionary defi nes the lexeme «Macht» as (Duden, 2018): 1) «a set of means and efforts that someone possesses and uses to infl uence others»; 2) «something that serves as a special, mysterious force or has it»; 3) «politically, socially or publicly related authority status, opportunity or freedom to determine people's behavior or relationships, or to manage them»; 4) «politically and economically powerful state»; «a powerful, infl uential group or class of individuals»; 5) archaic: «troops, army.»The analyzed lexeme in Duden dictionary is defi ned, fi rst, according to the source of power of both personal and structural types: «a set of means and powers», «authority, opportunity, freedom»; second, according to the subject of power: «mysterious force», «state», «army»; thirdly, according to the socio-centric result, «an object's behaviour determination».The fi fth lexical meaning also presents violence as a method of implementing authority.This dictionary entry focuses on social and non-social spheres of power interactions.
Wahring dictionary (Wahring, 1994) gives two lexical meanings of the word «Macht»: 1) «leadership, dominance, the right to give orders; power, strength, impact force; authority to implement one's will»; 2) «power, force».Both of the above mentioned defi nitions are not used in the plural.Therefore, in this dictionary the concept's name is primarily associated with sources of power infl uence (both personal and structural) and self-centered results of these relationships.
According to the electronic dictionary of German of the 20th century (DWDS) the lexeme that verbalizes the concept «MACHT» has four basic meanings (DWDS, 2018): 1) «the rule of people over people», specifi ed by the meanings «a rule of one class over another class or layer, state power» and «an authority to control something or someone»; 2) «power, strength», for example: die Macht des Anpralls, der Wassermassen; die Macht der Liebe, des Glaubens; 3) «politically and economically powerful state»; 4) «a creature or mysterious force created by imagination of a human being».These defi nitions demonstrate that «power as domination» (Herrschaft) is considered to be the main meaning.According to Duden dictionary, the word «Herrschaft» is defi ned as «the right and authority to rule somebody».That is the meaning of «power as domination» is conceptualized in connection with existing structural sources as exercising infl uence.In addition, authority also equals force as an expression of personal sources of power and is similar to its subjects -a mysterious creature and a state.The above mentioned defi nitions include both social and non-social areas where power relationships are implemented.
Bertelsmann dictionary defi nes the lexeme «Macht» as «a set of means and skills to carry out some personal intentions and / or to rule others or to prevent them from pursuing their plans».This defi nition succinctly combines both results that are expected from the power: egocentric (fulfi lling one's own will) and socio-centric (defi ning an object's behaviour).The power itself is associated with structural and personal sources that can be found in its subject (Bertelsmann, 1998: 264).
The analysis of the lexicographical objectifi cation of the concept by the lexeme «Macht» indicates a number of features in conceptual understanding of this mental unit in German linguo-culture.Dictionaries show an actualization of the main generic semes of a specifi c semantic prototype: «Subject of power», «Result», «Resourcefulness of power».Among the specifi c semes the most relevant are «Causality», «Universality», «Ego-centric result of power» (particularly the seme «Will implementation»), «Socio-centric effect of power» (occasional semes «Manipulative action» and «Restricting infl uence»), «Sources of power of personal nature» (mainly: Fähigkeit «ability», Kraft «force»), «Structural power source» (primarily: Mittel «means», Befugnisse «authority», Möglichkeit «opportunity», Recht «right»).In addition, we have found an occasional seme of the semantic prototype «Using violence» in the lexical meaning of the word «Macht».
Actual paradigmatic relations (mainly synonyms, antonyms and derivatives) in the name of the analyzed concept of the lexeme «Macht» allow us to determine the ways this mental unit is conceptualized in the German language world picture.This lexeme is commonly found in eight synonymous rows which share similar semantic components.Specifi cally structured semantic rows show interpretation peculiarities of power relationships in the German worldview.
Synonymous rows of the concept's name for the lexeme «Macht» objectifi es the slots in the framing model of the concept «MACHT».The slot «Subject of power» is extended by nominating participants-subjects of power: In the synonymous rows the slot «Sources of power» is presented by two merits of the subject of power.The words «Kraft» («strength»), «Stärke» («force»), «Gewalt» («force»), «Können» («skills»), «Vermögen» («ability»), «Wucht» (might), «Fähigkeit» («capacity»), «Power» («force»), «Force» («strength») primarily objectify a subject's physical power.In the German dictionary of synonyms (Bertelsmann, 1998: 427) the slot «Sources of power» is expanded through defi ning a subject's personal qualities related to its interaction with others in the process of deploying social power relationships.The main qualities include: The slot «Structural sources of power» is represented by the following synonyms: ), «Machtposition» («offi cial post») correlating the ability to determine behaviour with an authorized subject's acquired obligations to exercise power.
Conceptual understanding of the slot «Ego-centric infl uence of power» and the node «Result of power» is also expanded.In the synonymous row the word «Macht» receives evaluation features, including «Achtung» («attention»), «Ansehen» («respect»), «Prestige» («Prestige»), «Geltung» («signifi cance»), «Gewicht» («importance»), «Autorität» («authority, prestige»), «Ehre» («honour»), «Ruhm» («fame»), «Gnade» («cuteness»), «Massgeblichkeit» («authority») (Deutscher Wortschatz-Portal, 2018), defi ning power as a signifi cant, prestigious experience that makes a subject a known and socially signifi cant person.Ego-centric use of power is related to the subject's special privileged status found in the synonymous row with the identical seme «superiority, dominance», including: Analysis of synonyms and similarities for the concept makes it possible to defi ne a number of culturally specifi c aspects for understanding power relationships in the German linguo-culture.First, conceptualization of power is determined by the existence of a signifi cant number of synonyms-hyperonyms within the nominative fi eld of the concept «MACHT».Second, a conceptual understanding of power is achieved through power relationships in certain areas of their distribution, which correlate with sub-frames.These peculiarities prove the fact that the semantic core of the concept «MACHT» lacks unity because of some specifi c power relationships modifi cation in the German language world picture.It is noteworthy that the conceptualization of power is achieved by expending slots in the framing model of the concept, such slots as «Subject of power», «Sources of power», and «Result of power».Thus, the concept «MACHT» acquires some extra important senses: power is identifi ed with its subject; personal sources of power are presented by physical (strength) and moral (persistence) qualities of its subject; structural sources of power depend on commissions; the result of power is conceptualized primarily through the subject who provides it with social importance and dominance in a society.This correlates with «power over» approach in the scientifi c world picture.
Analysis of dictionaries for fi nding out relationships hypohyperonymic of the lexeme «Macht» shows categorial uncertainty and defi nition complexity of the concept.According to the electronic dictionary of modern German DWDS the lexeme «Macht» is a hyperonym of several lexical and semantic groups (DWDS, 2018).First, the lexeme analyzed is a generic term for the group of words with a common meaning «ability to infl uence someone or something»: «Machtbefugnis», «Zwang», «Allmacht», «Machtvollkommenheit»; «freedom, independence»: «Volkssouveränität», «Souveränität».The meaning of other lexical-semantic group, the hyperonim of which is the name of the concept «Macht», can be formulated as a «state, political management»: Lexicographical sources show that the concept's name denoted by the word «Macht» is a hyponym of notions in two groups: «Herrschaft», «Kraft» та «Gruppe», «Wesen».The lexemes «Herrschaft» and «Kraft» activate the semantic meaning «ability, power to infl uence, to act on someone or something» refl ected by the generic seme «Resourceness».Whereas the words «Gruppe» and «Wesen» objectify the seme «Social interaction» which is found in the sectional approach to the concept «power» / «Macht» (DWDS, 2018).
Thus, hypo-hyperonymic connections of the lexeme «Macht» prove that representatives of the German linguo-culture conceptualize power through sources and subject.Power associated occasional signs as a social phenomenon (macro-frame 1) and the use of violence to implement it confi rm the importance of «power over» paradigm in mental understanding of power in the studied language world picture.
Analysis of collocations (most frequent combination of certain words in speech) proves that the word «Macht» as the name of the concept is mainly combined with attributes and predicates.Compatibility frequency with certain lexemes shows the speech combinations where the lexeme is used in the analyzed communicative space.According to the electronic dictionary of the University of Leipzig (Deutscher Wortschatz-Portal, 2018) these collocations often (almost half of the cases) indicate a connection between power and a certain subject (seine Macht, ihre Macht), and determine the subject of power (päpstliche Macht, Macht des ..., Macht der ...); they also identify areas of power relationships, the most frequent of which includes: politische Macht (12%), militärische Macht (3,6%), wirtschaftliche Macht (3%); they provide power with qualitative or quantitative characteristics: höhere Macht (2,3%), wachsende Macht (2,4%).Predicates mainly relate power relationships with the node «Action».In particular, nearly a quarter of the cases contributes to the actualization of the slot «Obtaining power» (an die Macht kommen (5%), Macht an sich reißen (4,5%), sich an die Macht putschen (4,3%), Macht übernehmen (2%) etc.).8.5% of the cases are objectifi ed through the slot «Power implementation» (Macht haben (6,3%), an der Macht halten, Macht besitzen, Macht in seinen Händen haben).According to collocations of the concept's keyword, the slot «Object of power» is actualized in 7% of the cases only.
The conceptual understanding expansion of association was achieved by involving the semes «Geld» («money») та «Korruption» («corruption»), which expanded the scope of the slot «Results of power».It is noteworthy that the dictionary meanings of the analyzed concept «MACHT» in Wahring, DWDS, Duden and Bertelsmann dictionaries do not single out a materialistic side of the lexeme «Macht», so this new feature demonstrates a psychological regeneration of modern German values.The existence of such associations in the fi eld of German linguo-culture demonstrates, to some extent, a distrust of authority, as an instrument of control and regulation, as well as weakening of understanding the concept «Macht» as the main tool of democracy.

Conclusions
Thus, semantic, paradigmatic, syntagmatic, and phraseological relations of the concept's key name of the lexeme «Macht» can actualize a number of cognitive features on the mental level, which appear to be relevant in the language world picture of the German people.Today's meaning of the lexeme «Macht» is expanding and supplemented with new components related to some political changes in German society and is marked by materialistic units.
Research into individual meanings of words-associations makes it possible not only to see the fact of changes in word meaning but also to analyze some changes in an individual world picture of German society's representatives and show predictions for some negative changes in the current political German-speaking arena.
Perspectives for further research into this issue is comparative studies of how the concept «MACHT» functions in German-speaking and English-speaking picture of the world.