Psycholinguistic Mechanisms for Actualization of Translating Activities of the Interpreter Психолінгвістичні механізми актуалізації перекладацької діяльності перекладача

The purpose of the article is to propose and justify the definition of “translation consciousness” of the interpreter. 
Methods of the research. The methods of the research are: theoretical ones – categorical analysis, the methods of systematization, modeling, generalization; empirical methods – the analysis of documents, the analysis of products of the activity, the content analysis of the novel. 
The results of the research. It was distinguished that the translation consciousness should be considered not only as a construct, a system of signs, but also as a phenomenon that exploded the system of knowledge about the world, as well as the particularities of using the strategies for the implementation of translation activities. Consequently, the translation consciousness is being facilitated, first of all, by the existence of various images of the world in the consciousness of the translator, images, which allows the interpreter to perform cognitive processing at a high level. Also in the conceptual system of the translator, they must be syncretically represented, although within the various theoretical paradigms differently structured by so called “native” and “in-cultural” concepts. We emphasize the special role of the translation consciousness, its media function in the translation activity, which ensures the ability of a translator to form a multidimensional system of relationships in their own consciousness. The latter facilitates the success of translation activities. 
Conclusions. The translation consciousness is the ability of the interpreter to carry out his/her professional activities, to reflect, adequately reflect the translation situation, as well as to establish his/her attitude towards the performance of the activity. The necessary component of the translation consciousness is knowledge, as well as the experience of the interpreter that it is the most significant in translating. In such a way the translation consciousness ensures the performance of translation activities at three levels: at associative one, at topical level and also at integrative one.


Introduction
The professional activity of a translator is a very complicated process from the psychological point of view. Its understanding involves the implementation of the integrative approach that synthesizes the theoretical positions of psycholinguistics, semiotics, cognitive linguistics and intercultural communication. As a rule, when telling about translation activity scientists offer the concept of verbal mediating activity of a specialist, with the aim to implement intercultural The mediating function of a translator always is on the border of the existence of two consciousness; it is the interaction of two subjects, the intersection of two languages and two cultures; under the condition of updating the mediating function, as a rule, the process of translation activity is provided (Kovganyuk, 1968).
Telling about psycholinguistic mechanisms of translation, there is always actualization of basic problems of many humanities, which allow all possible connections between a foreign language and the person's consciousness, thinking and speech. Perceptions of these relationships are always debatable, and their understanding is usually determined by the philosophical and epistemological paradigms, which are of particular priority, including the point of view adopted by a scientifi c community. Anthropocentrism of Contemporary Psychology has contributed to the emergence of a completely new approach to a language as means of actualization of mental processes, which determine the desire of researchers to fi nd verifi ed correlations between the operative units of consciousness and their objectifying linguistic signs (Ness & Meltzer-Asscher, 2017). This requires further development of approaches according to translation activity not only as a method of studying linguistic phenomena, thus more clearly highlighting translation activity's latent characteristics, but also as one of the types of explication of a mental model of the world by a translator (Zorivchak, 1983). So, the system of meanings, presented in the original and translated texts, has the aim to interpret the values of consciousness of the author of the text, and constitutes concepts of displaying by the translator the basic ways of knowing the surrounding reality, which allows to qualify the translation as a speech-thinking process, a dominant role in which mental models play. In this case, all translation operations are necessarily have to be fi xed in translated text, it is a kind of «meta-text» of understanding the information.
If we tell about translation activity, we have to understand that it is a specifi c kind of the activity. The nature of the translation activity is largely due to the relationship of the mediated language of a specialist in the world of speech and speech activity, in which the person takes the central position.
The purpose of the article is to propose and justify the defi nition of «translation consciousness» of the interpreter.
So, the tasks of our research are: (1). To distinguish psychological mechanisms for actualization of translating activities of the interpreter.
(2). To analyze these psychological mechanisms using the examples of the translation of the novel «The Catcher in the Rye» (the author of it is J.D. Salinger (1984)

Methods and Methodical Instrumentation of the Research
The methods of the research are: theoretical ones -categorical analysis, the methods of systematization, modeling, generalization; empirical methods -the analysis of documents, the analysis of products of the activity, the content analysis of the novel.

The Results of the Research and Their Discussion
Dominant psychological mechanism for translating activities is the mechanism of orientation, selection and presentation of the translation solution. For example, K. Livingstone (1988) was one of the fi rst scientists who addressed the central question of translation: «How does the interpreter take away the meaning of the message?» Particular attention in the writings of the scholar was given to the subjective semantic conclusion, which in the translated text created a subjective redundancy. In this case the meaning of the message is due to the interaction of the semantic structure of the message, its background knowledge, as well as knowledge relates to the context of the original text.
The next psychological mechanism of translation the texts is the mechanism of freedom in interpretation. This mechanism in a great degree facilitate to fi nd explicit and implicit meanings of the original text by the interpreter. To show this mechanism we also used the translation of P. Sokolovskyi translation the text «Slaughterhouse-Five or The Children's Crusade: A Duty-Dance with Death» written by K. Vonnegut): -«All this happened, more or less» (Vonnegut, 2006) -«Майже все це сталося насправді» (Vonnegut, 2007). In this example the translator tried to reproduce the content that was largely based on the degree of comparison of adjectives. -«The war parts, anyway, are pretty much true» (Vonnegut, 2006) -«Принаймні війну тут описано досить-таки правдиво» (Vonnegut, 2007).
Among the factors of the effi ciency of translation activity, the refusal to contrast linguistic and extra-linguistic, linguistic and encyclopedic knowledge in the case of analyzing the content of the statement would be called. There is no doubt that various aspects of so called «background knowledge», which are considered to be the integral part of translation competence, lead to a depth of perception by the translator (De Simone & Collina, 2016), which also can not affect the success of translating. However, the latter is also largely determined by the subjective relevance of this activity for a specialist. Subjective actuality, in such a case, which is regulated by a system of personally signifi cant motives, needs and level of aspirations of the translator, will activate the conceptual system of meanings of a specialist of translation activity. As a result, the whole conceptual and communicative experience of the interpreter is refl ected, experienced and globally transformed into a conceptual system at different levels of consciousness: sensory and logical, rational, emotional and imaginative, also a linguistic consciousness. The transformed content of the statement arising as a result of these processes is constituted not only by discrete, relatively stable in time and space (as well as by variables, depending on the external context of translation activity) values, but also by dynamic, potentially endless meanings, which are a set of all psychological facts that arise in our minds due to the perception of foreign-language text frames (Ness & Meltzer-Asscher, 2017). In the translation activity, the transformed meaning should be considered as a continual, mental content, which has signifi cant areas of stability. In such a case values are the most stable, largely unifi ed zones of the development of meaning (Nida & Taber, 1969).
According to the interpretation of the ratio of meaning and sense adopted in the theories of the activity of translator (Harvey, Hunt & Schroder, 1981;Onufrieva, 2014), we tried to substantiate the meaning of the concept of «translation consciousness». First, the defi nition of «translation consciousness» directly correlates with the defi nition of «concept». So, the basic concept of these researchers was the concept. The latter is a collection of all knowledge and ideas of the person associated with a certain reality, determined by the identity of the translator's consciousness, the content of the concept, as well as the translation consciousness, which is the result of the processing of information by the interpreter corresponding to specifi c frames of consciousness that it is fi nally consistent with a specifi c system of concepts and with a unique sense structure within a separate concept (Harvey, Hunt & Schroder, 1981).
To our mind, the translation consciousness should be considered not only as a construct, a system of signs, but also as a phenomenon that explodes the system of knowledge about the world, as well as the particularities of using the strategies for the implementation of translation activities. Consequently, the translation consciousness is being facilitated, fi rst of all, by the existence of a translator in various images of the world, which allows the interpreter to perform cognitive processing at a high level. Consequently, in the conceptual system of the translator, they must be syncretically represented, although within the various theoretical paradigms differently structured by so called «native» and «in-cultural» concepts.
So, we think, that translation consciousness is a complex dynamic system with a well-structured organization, in which, repeatedly interacting by different parameters, various information about lexical units and equivalent units had being received by the translator as a result of rational, sensory, cultural and social experience which, in its turn, had being processed and stored. The values of lexical units mastered in the context of studying another culture, in the process of socialization, when, by assigning different thematic groups of lexical units, the latter was integrated into stable structures, which were concepts. Naturally, in this case, lexical units automatically induce their appearance with all related information, specify the diverse structures of knowledge, as verbalized and non-verbalized, «experienced» by a translator who were a part of the structure of personally signifi cant experience, accumulated in the conceptual system of the interpreter. Thus, in our research we emphasize the special role of the translation consciousness, its media function in the translation activity, which ensures the ability of a translator to form a multidimensional system of relationships in their own consciousness. The latter facilitates the success of translation activities.

Conclusions
So, in order to enter the structure of the translation consciousness, each lexical unit has to go through a diffi cult way, to overcome at least two barriers that arise because of the following reasons: mastering a foreign language under artifi cial conditions occurs in a rather limited, both quantitative and qualitatively, a stream of information that complicates the development of an image of the world of the interpreter.
Functionality as the ontological characteristic of any system predetermines the ability of its elements to detect and/or to form new qualities in the process of functioning, aimed at achieving the result sought by a translator. Regardless of the level of profi ciency in one or more languages, the translator's professional activities are organized according to the principles of a functional system. A positive result in the system of professional activity of the interpreter can be ensured, fi rst of all, because units of this activity (or frames, or scripts) are in the relations related to the compensatory dependence and, in cases of cognitive-discursive diffi culties, are able to fi ll the gap with missing the information at the expense of modifi cation old and/or attraction of new cognitive structures, with the help of which, fi rst of all, changes in the methods of organization of translation activities take place.
To the sphere of so called «compensatory relations», as a rule, the values of both the cognitive structures of the translator and the values included into the content as its actual signifi cant components, due to the translation activity, are usually involved. Constructive syncretism of the translator is largely determined by the nature of the representation of the word in his/her translation consciousness, and this character may vary depending on the professional level of the translator. According to the experimental researchers done by W. Lörscher (1993), there are three such levels, and the information within which the word is a part of the paradigm of a mental space of an interpreter varies in each of them. Thus, scientists believe that in a mental space of a translator the word is associated with scripts that contain information of four types: semantic and syntactic, which form the dominant part of a mental space of the interpreter, as well as morphological and phonological information, being included into scripts of a translator.
At the initial stage of mastering a foreign language, acquaintance with the sound and/or graphic form of the word takes place, and knowledge of the meaning of the word becomes understandable either through association with the corresponding equivalent of the word, or they become clear in the light of the defi nition of the word. However, such information is not yet «embedded» into a complex system of semantic connections of lexical units of the interpreter, it is not a part of its translation consciousness and it is not automatically used in the process of translation activities. This is the fi rst degree of the representation of lexical units, frames and scripts in the translator's minds of a specialist. This level in a great degree is typical for the student, because the presented type of information's organization in the translation consciousness still does not allow to make effective decisions expected from the translator in the process of his/her professional activity. After all, in the process of acquiring foreign language skills, as well as the experience of translating, the ties between the word and the corresponding correlations are greatly strengthened. Due to the regular repetition of the professional activity, such a connection is fi xed and refl ects the second, mediating stage of the representation of the word in a paradigm of foreign language in the translator's mind. The connection of a word in a foreign language with the concept of a lexical unit in its native language at this level is rather weak, since, in the other way, the progression of the word from the concept to concept is not directly or through the translated equivalent into a foreign language. Also, the information in the translator's minds of a specialist is mediated by a native language. Only in the third, integrative degree, the representation of the word in a foreign language is carried out in the translator's mind of the specialist, that is, the concept is «fi xed» in the translator's mind of the interpreter, and the translation activity becomes automatic.
Consequently, the translation consciousness is the ability of the interpreter to carry out his/her professional activities, to refl ect, adequately refl ect the translation situation, as well as to establish his/her attitude towards the performance of the activity. The necessary component of the translation consciousness is knowledge, as well as the experience of the interpreter that it is the most signifi cant in translating.
In such a way the translation consciousness ensures the performance of translation activities at three levels: at associative one, at topical level and also at integrative one.
Constructive transformation, rebuilding and reformatting of frames and scripts by the translator is precisely the result of the interpreter's understanding of the need for translational activity to «rise» from the associative stage to more higher, integrative, in which the translated word is represented by all types of information. The choice in favor of a particular translation solution is always an attempt to realize the essence of his/her own translation consciousness, to reduce the «semantic distance» between native and foreign languages by creating integrated structures that provide updating and transfer of content taking into account the mentality, culture and image of the world of native speakers. Consequently, the constructive transformation, rebuilding and reformatting of frames and scripts by the interpreter, indicating the formation of a specialist's translation consciousness. This process, on the one hand, is determined by the professional activity of the person, and, on the other hand, it is optimized the translation activity. © Івашкевич Ернест & Яцюрик Алл а степени значимым в переводческой деятельности. Подчёркнуто, что переводческое сознание обеспечивает выполнение переводческой деятельности на трёх уровнях: ассоциативном, актуальном и интегративном.