Space as a Semantic Unit of a Language Consciousness

Objective. Conceptualization of the definition of space as a semantic unit of language consciousness. Пространство как семантическая единица языкового сознания 336 © Шимко Виталий & Бабаджанова Анжела Materials & Methods. A structural-ontological approach is used in the work, the methodology of which has been tested and applied in order to analyze the subject matter area of psychology, psycholinguistics and other social sciences, as well as in interdisciplinary studies of complex systems. Mathematical representations of space as a set of parallel series of events (Alexandrov) were used as the initial theoretical basis of the structural-ontological analysis. In this case, understanding of an event was considered in the context of the definition adopted in computer science – a change in the object properties registered by the observer. Results. The negative nature of space realizes itself in the subject-object structure, the components interaction of which is characterized by a change – a key property of the system under study. Observer’s registration of changes is accompanied by spatial focusing (situational concretization of the field of changes) and relating of its results with the field of potentially distinguishable changes (subjective knowledge about «changing world»). The indicated correlation performs the function of space identification in terms of recognizing its properties and their subjective significance, depending on the features of the observer`s motivational sphere. As a result, the correction of the actual affective dynamics of the observer is carried out, which structures the current perception of space according to principle of the semantic fractal. Fractalization is a formation of such a subjective perception of space, which supposes the establishment of semantic accordance between the situational field of changes, on the one hand, and the worldview, as well as the motivational characteristics of the observer, on the other. Conclusions. Performed structural-ontological analysis of the system formed by the interaction of the perceptual function of the psyche and the semantic field of the language made it possible to conceptualize the space as a field of changes potentially distinguishable by the observer, structurally organized according to the principle of the semantic fractal. The compositional features of the fractalization process consist in fact that the semantic fractal of space is relevant to the product of the difference between the situational field of changes and the field of potentially distinguishable changes, adjusted by the current configuration of the observer`s value-needs hierarchy and reduced by his actual affective dynamics.


Introduction
The concept of space belongs to the transcendental category. Its meaning eludes of structured understanding and is perceived mainly intuitively. For all the conventionalism and obviousness of this phenomenon, it is not so simple to give it a concise defi nition that would not leave a feeling of incompleteness and would not require additional semantic props. Dozens of defi nitions contain concretizing comments that thematically conceptualize the space and place it in a particular context (three-dimensional space, sacred space, space of achievements, legal space, information space, economic space, language space, etc.). However, attempts to contextualize and signify space, «packing» it into something else, in fact, are reductionist and even paradoxical. Namely, there is no such a context that is not being a content in relation to the global container, which is space. In the case of space, it is not a superordinate concept or even a generic one. Space, in every sense, is fundamental.
The scale of the phenomenon under consideration is such that it is necessary to add only another one ontological category (energy) for the astrophysical conceptualization of the Universe or, at least, the fundamental description of the mystery of its origin. Although, the single one concept is enough for the latter purpose. In modern cosmology, space is postulated as negative energy or «inside-out energy». Thus, according to the views of Stephen Hawking, the space of the Universe is a huge accumulator of negative energy, each point of which is permanently expanding (Hawking, 2018). It will need a hardworking fantasy to imagine what is being described. However, even the wildest imagination, perhaps, will not be enough for the applied research use of such a concept. The purpose of this article is the conceptualization of the defi nition of space as a semantic unit of language consciousness. Respective endeavor is implemented as the development of the author`s methodological discourse on the functional defi nition of the mind (Shymko, 2018a(Shymko, , 2018b(Shymko, , 2019a. Latter problem, in turn, relates to one of the key theoretical questions in the fi eld of natural language processing (NLP) as a leading component of the development of artifi cial general intelligence (AGI).
Obviously, in the indicated target context, we were interested in such a conceptualization of space that would equally explicitly take into account the subjectivity of the observer and refl ect the objectivity of the space itself. For this reason, for the initial analytical foundations, we could not accept the philosophical defi nitions of space, such as «the way of existence of the objective world» (Stepin, 2001), «the fundamental way of being» (Humanitarian Encyclopedia, 2020), «the uncountable large three-dimensional area in which all material objects are located» (Dictionarycom, 2020), etc. Such defi nitions either exclude the subject, or contain it in an implicit form. Therefore, we took advantage of the help of hard sciences, in particular, the mathematical understanding of space as «a plurality of parallel series of events» (Aleksandrov, 1979). Moreover, the event was understood as «property changes recorded by the observer in the message from the object» (Wikipedia, 2020a). As we can see, this point of view provides the presence of the subject-object structure, the interaction of the components of which is characterized by a change.

Methods and techniques of the research
The particular methodological complexity in the defi nitive studies of language consciousness units is associated, in fact, with language (Shymko, 2018c). Semantic cracks, gaps and ambiguities of verbal formulations, as well as the fundamental negativity of languagecause distortions in the work of thinking, which modern psychology conceptualizes as a verbal-logical. The structuring effect of language onto understanding (we consider it as a thinking operation) is carried out through logical syntax. However, in addition to syntax, there are at least two large «players» in formal logic -semantics and pragmatics. The intersection of listed factors (considering the breadth of the empirical variability of their components), together with such phenomenon as the entropy of the language, practically does not leave chances to verballogical thinking to be systemic.
In search of a solution to the described problem, alternative to the natural language -mathematics -can be used. Mathematization of thinking allows to get around a lot of the distorting factors of a natural language, but not to fi x them. Mathematical language is superabstracted from the reality being studied, acquiring epistemological farsightedness and losing ontological completeness. In particular, the category of reality loses its mathematical sense (as well as the practical possibility of its formulation and/or description) and, in fact, is replaced by space, i.e. system category of a higher order. Moreover, the ideas formulated in a mathematical language cannot always be «translated» into a natural language. For example, modern astrophysics also does not fi nd sense in the classical question of the «edge» of the Universe, mathematically describing its spatial properties as simultaneously «fi nite and limitless» (Sutter, 2018). Certainly, the translation of such position from mathematical to natural language is perceived, to put it mildly, contradictory.
To study space as a semantic unit of language consciousness, we used a structural-ontological approach. Appropriate method was originally developed for the purpose of systemic analysis of the subject matter fi eld of psychology, psycholinguistics and other social sciences and later it was successfully adapted for the interdisciplinary study of complex systems. Theoretical foundations, procedural rules and practical application examples of the method in studies of various problems (differential psycholinguistics, formal semantics, personality socialization, intelligent agents functioning, organizational culture, urbanistic trends, etc.) are presented in a series of publications (Shymko, 2019b). The method of structural-ontological analysis is aimed, on the one hand, to minimize verbal-logical distortions of thinking. On the other hand, it is purposed to maintain the breadth of the contact front with the ontology under study, provided by natural language tools. The indicated is realized through the development of verbal-logical discourse in accordance with a specifi c scenario for constructing structuralontological matrices. Thus, the use of the method allows achieving effect of «mathematization» verbally implemented thinking, which ensures the wholeness and consistency of the generated methodological view.
The systemic conceptualization of space as a semantic unit of language consciousness is represented using the structural-ontological matrix (Figure 1). At the same time, we remind that as the initial basis, we used the understanding of space as a plurality of parallel series of events -property changes in a message from object. As we have already noted, appropriate procedural aspects of the construction of matrices were disclosed by us in the mentioned above publications, to which we address the interested fellow readers. However, there is a certain nuance in the case under consideration that we have not previously addressed to, and therefore it requires proper clarifi cation. So, usually the matrix axes are represented by dichotomies refl ecting the properties of material of the system and its primary process. In the current study it is diffi cult to use the techniques demonstrated by us earlier to identify these systemforming factors. Namely, it is nearly impossible to distinguish the supersystem, answering the procedural question: WHERE is the organization of the material of the studied system being realized? In other words, © Шимко Вит алий & Бабаджанова Анжел а space is the ultimate category in our study. However, we do not accept the possibility of a certain over-space existence. For example, the modern physical «String Theory» is based on the idea of implicit presence of several additional spatial dimensions. However, such a hypothetical assumption is made in an attempt to explain the phenomena of the physical world that fundamentally go beyond the range of direct human perception ability. Our interest lies in understanding space exactly in the context of subjective phenomena of language consciousness.  In the case under consideration, a way out of the predicament can be found by emphasizing the question: HOW does the primary process have an organizing effect on the material? We associate the primary process with the perception (of space) by the observer; therefore, we use the cognitive (meaning) and affective (relation) sides of the perceptual function of the psyche as a dichotomy (vertical axis of the matrix, Fig. 1). The fi rst one distinguishes and fi guratively shapes the perceived changes; the second one also participates in the construction of the images, but through the processes of experiences. In view of the foregoing, the material of the system should be associated with the «bearers» of changes, i.e. with the objects themselves, or more precisely -their verbal relevancies in the observer`s language consciousness (hereinafter in this text, by objects and their properties we mean corresponding categories forming the semantic fi eld of the language). Therefore, the horizontal axis of the matrix (Fig. 1) is represented by such dichotomies as: objects properties and their variable characteristics or, in fact, changes. At the same time we emphasize that we do not postulate the objects properties as some kind of unchangeable parameters. We proceed from the fact that these properties are conditionally constant characteristics, the essence of constancy of which is in repeatability. Thus, the object is determined by the repeatability of properties. In other words, object is represented by all and everything that is being repeated.

Semantic field of language
Separately pay attention to fact that the objects properties are identifying parameters. Their change leads to the transformation of one object into another. It is important to consider that such a transformation also acts as an autonomous object, as well as interactions between different objects. That is, an unlimited range of units of language consciousness, including not only static, but also process, dynamic and other semantic constructs is meant by us as objects, which will be discussed below. On the other hand, changes are any fl uctuations recorded by the observer. This includes both the deviations allowed by the objects properties and the events transforming them (objects), as well as exclusive changes (which are not relevant to objects, to the best of observer`s knowledge, but which are distinguishable and registered neoplasms by him). Change of changes must be picked out as a separate category. Namely, the repeatability (regularity, typicality, etc.) of various changes in object acts as an independent object. In fact, here it is about the objectivity of process phenomena, or, more simply, the process is also an object.

Results and Discussions
Structural-ontological analysis of the system under study (space as a semantic unit of language consciousness) suggests the necessity of describing the composite and structural characteristics of appropriate matrix (Fig. 1). The fi rst segment is formed by the signifi cation and containing (memorization) of information about the objects properties. As we noted, it comes about an indefi nitely wide «library» of parameters of the objects, their transformations, interactions and other processes, including their specifi city, patterns and rules, as well as exceptions to them, etc. It is important to take into account that the integral principle of this data set (which is relevant to the worldview scale of the subject) is knowledge not only about the objects themselves, but about the changes that happened to them (objects) and/or can occur. We clarify that we also attribute to the objects the observer himself in his bodily-physical, intellectual-processing, and emotional-sensual differentiation and totality.
So what changes can happen to objects? Firstly, it is the changes that were and are present in the direct experience of subject. Secondly, it is changes that are known to observer not from personal experience, but from alternative sources of information (education, communication, diverse media content, etc.). Thirdly, it is changes localized in the subject`s expectations, his fantasies, thoughts, anticipations, etc. Fourthly, it is the changes in the changes themselves, which we discussed above. Fifthly, any at least partially socialized subject has experience of exclusive changes, which we also mentioned. Such experience occurs in situations that are unique to observer`s previous experience and current state of awareness. Noteworthy, that every known change was once exclusive for the subject. In other words, the observer knows that he is not aware of the content and quantity of some changes that hypothetically can occur. Such «knowledge of ignorance» is also an object that is part of the worldview taxonomy of changes. All the categories listed above form the potential for changes (the fi rst segment of the matrix), which in the future we will designate as potentially distinguishable changes.
Thus, the fi rst segment of the matrix refl ects the subjective concept of space, that is, the observer`s idea of what space is and what it can potentially be. At the same time, on the basis of the above considerations, we propose to make adjustments to the defi nition of Aleksandrov (1979) and, instead of the mathematical term «plurality», use the physical concept «fi eld», as well as abandon the principle of parallel series. Thus, a plurality is one of the key concepts of mathematics, which means a set, a collection of any objects (elements of a plurality) that have a common characteristic inherent to all of them (Wikipedia, 2020b). Already at this stage of the structural-ontological analysis, it is obvious both the heterogeneity of the space-constituting elements and their potential mutual intersections. The last point does not exclude, but fundamentally goes beyond the semantic framework of parallelism and series. The organization of space, in our opinion, is similar to the probabilistic principles of the functioning of the electrons cloud. The indicated above, coupled with the quota of the uncertainty factor in the subjective material of space (the phenomenon «knowledge of ignorance» described above) leads to a justifi cation for using the category of the physical fi eld, understood as «a distributed dynamic system with an infi nite number of freedom degrees» (Wikipedia, 2020c). So, at this stage of our reasoning, space is presented as a fi eld of changes potentially distinguishable by the observer.
As we noted, the fi eld of potentially distinguishable changes in information terms is commensurate with the observer`s worldview. In this regard, in understanding space as a semantic unit, in our opinion, it is appropriate to single out such a category of language consciousness as the subjective picture of «the changing world». This category provides the potential readiness of the observer to distinguish changes. In this case, of course, the actual space is reduced to the situational (current) fi eld of changes (fourth segment, Fig. 1). We intentionally do not touch on a whole range of psychophysical features and patterns of space perception, which is a separate fundamental research problem. We only note the key methodological aspect for our thinking -the localization of the current fi eld of changes must be fundamentally distinguished from the perception of the changes themselves. Namely, situational concretization of the fi eld of changes occurs in the process of registration by the observer of s incentives (indicating changes). We propose to call this process, which is closely interconnected with the changes distinction (but not identical to it!) -a spatial focusing and consider it as an autonomous component of perception. The thesis of the autonomy of spatial focusing obviously stems from situations where the observing subject does not record any changes, while continuing to distinguish the space.
We assume that spatial focusing is carried out similarly to the well-known perceptual fi gure/backdrop mechanism, but is not identical to it. So, the fi eld of potentially distinguishable changes acts as a «backdrop», sorting with which allows one to localize the fi eld of current changes or, in other words, to carry out spatial focusing (fi rst and fourth segments, Fig. 2). The indicated correlation performs the function of space identifi cation in the sense of recognizing its properties or, put it differently, concretizing the current potential of changes. We draw attention to the simultaneous combination of negative and anticipatory characteristics of the described phenomenon.
So, spatial focusing is associated with the concretization of the fi eld of probable changes, which is always wider than the front of current changes. If such a fi eld is subjectively perceived as fi lled or exhausted (changes ≥ space), then the observer feels spatial disorientation or loss of the function of space perception occurs. In all other cases, space is characterized by the properties «not coming fullness». As can be seen, our reasoning is conceptually complementary to the ideas of S. Hawking cited at the beginning of this publication about the «energy negativity» of space.  Another negative aspect of spatial focusing, in our opinion, is its refl ex nature and, as a result, signifi cant unconsciousness. Namely, we proceed from the assumption that the process of localizing the current fi eld of changes is part of the complex mechanism of the orienting refl ex (StudFiles, 2020). At the same time, the partial ability of the observer to situation-dependent focusing on space per se (i.e., on the fi eld of changes, and not on the changes themselves) does not affect the identifi cation of space described above. This process occurs unconsciously and therefore ungovernably. We assume that the assessment of the identifi ed space is also carried out unconsciously as a result of interconnection of its characteristics with the observer`s valueneeds hierarchy (fi rst and second segments, Fig. 2). At this stage, the subjective signifi cance of the changes and their correlation with the current parameters of the motivational sphere is formed (second and third segments, Fig. 2). This, in turn, causes «interference» in the actual affective dynamics, which is not only given to the observer in his own emotional experiences, but also through them has a corrective effect on the spatial focusing carried out here and now (the third and fourth segments, Fig. 2) We assume that this subject-object infl uence is realized according to the principle of semantic fractal. In this regard, considering the issue of the semantics of space, we propose to single out the process of fractalization. Let us clarify at the same time that the concept of a semantic fractal combines two fundamental ideas: 1) non-linear similarity of a part and a whole; 2) hierarchical ordering of structural components (Voloshinov, 2002;Nikolaeva, 2014;Tarasenko, 2002 and others). The patterns of this process are determined by the individual cognitive and intentional characteristics of the observer and can be experimentally identifi ed and measured. In other words, the fractalization is the formation of a subjective perception of space by the principle of establishing a semantic correspondence between the situational fi eld of changes, on the one hand, and the worldview, as well as the motivational characteristics of the observer, on the other hand. Thus, space is a fi eld of changes potentially distinguishable by the observer, structurally organized according to the principle of semantic fractal.
The compositional features of the fractalization process are presented by us using the logical equation (formula 1). (1) In the above formula, fractalization (Fr) determined as a derivative of the difference between the situational fi eld of changes (Fs) and the fi eld of potentially distinguishable changes (Fp), adjusted by the current confi guration of the observer`s value-needs hierarchy (Ii -the index of intentionality) and reduced by his actual affective dynamics (As). We note that spatial focusing (Fs -Fp) is a deliberately negative value (since situational space is usually smaller than potentially distinguishable changes) and refl ects the negativism of this phenomenon argued above. The condition under which (Fs -Fp) ≥ 0 is not considered by us as compatible with the observer`s ability to perceive and be aware of space. We also pay attention to the value module |As|, the meaning of which is that actual emotional experiences have a reducing effect on cognitive in nature spatial focusing, regardless of the sign of situational affect.

Conclusions
Summarizing the results of this article, we focus on the following most signifi cant aspects of the conceptualization of space as a semantic unit of language consciousness.
The negative nature of space realizes itself in the subject-object structure, the interaction of the components of which is characterized by change -a key property of the system under study. Observer's registration of changes is accompanied by spatial focusing (situational specifi cation of the fi eld of changes) and correlation of its results with the fi eld of potentially distinguishable changes (subjective knowledge of the «changing world»). The indicated correlation performs the function of space identifi cation in terms of recognizing its properties and their subjective signifi cance, depending on the characteristics of the observer's motivational sphere. As a result, the correction of the actual affective dynamics of the observer is carried out, which structures the current perception of space on the basis of the semantic fractal. Fractalization is the formation of such a subjective perception of space, which involves establishing a semantic correspondence between the situational fi eld of changes, on the one hand, as well as worldview and the motivational characteristics of the observer, on the other hand.
In conclusion, we note that the existence of the described fractalization patterns is indirectly confi rmed by the structure of procedures and interpretative models of psychodiagnostic studies using such experimental tools as the Rorschach test, Psychogeometric test, Luscher color selection method, etc. At the same time, non-linear specifi cs of observer`s spatial characteristics perception of the psychodiagnostic incentives and his perception peculiarities of space per se, surely, could be different. Obviously the proper clarifi cation of the matter is needed through conducting of a separate comprehensive investigation. We plan to hold such an empirical research as part of an urban and linguistic survey of the city space phenomenon (Shymko, 2019c).